内容目录

简述


上章简单介绍了什么是集合,集合有哪几种种类。
在这章中我们主要介绍Collection的其中一种实现方式,List。

什么是List


在上一章,我们已经了解了List主要分为3类,ArrayList, LinkedList和Vector。
为了进一步清晰List的结构,我在这手工画了一张图,用于回顾下

AbstarctCollection在上一张Java集合详解–什么是集合已经有简单的介绍,它是Collection接口的部分实现

1.List接口

首先看下List的官方定义

这段描述解决了许多公司经常问的两个问题List有什么特点和Set有什么区别。
上面清楚的说明了List是一个有序的集合,和set不同的是,List允许存储项的值为空,也允许存储相等值的存储项,还举了e1.equal(e2)的例子。

List是继承于Collection接口,除了Collection通用的方法以外,扩展了部分只属于List的方法。

从上图可以发现,List比Collection主要多了几个add(…)方法和remove(…)方法的重载,还有几个index(…), get(…)方法。
而AbstractList也只是实现了List接口部分的方法,和AbstractCollection是一个思路,这里就不具体介绍了,有兴趣的同学可以自行研究下。

2.ArraryList

ArrayList是一个数组实现的列表,由于数据是存入数组中的,所以它的特点也和数组一样,查询很快,但是中间部分的插入和删除很慢。我们来看几段关键的代码。

首先是ArrayList的类关系和成员变量

//ArrayList继承了Serializable并且申明了serialVersionUID,表示ArrayList是一个可序列化的对象,可以用Bundle传递
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    /**
     * Default initial capacity.
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    /**
     * Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
     */
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
     * empty ArrayList with elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA will be expanded to
     * DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
     */
     //从这里可以看到,ArrayList的底层是由数组实现的,并且默认数组的默认大小是10
    private transient Object[] elementData;

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

然后是构造函数

//ArrayList有2个构造函数,一个是默认无参的,一个是传入数组大小的
//在JavaEffect书中明确提到,如果预先能知道或者估计所需数据项个数的,需要传入initialCapacity
//因为如果使用无参的构造函数,会首先把EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA赋值给elementData
//然后根据插入个数于当前数组size比较,不停调用Arrays.copyOf()方法,扩展数组大小
//造成性能浪费
/**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        super();
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

然后是add()操作

//首先看到,不过是指定index执行add操作,还是在尾部执行add操作,都会先确认当前的数组空间是否够插入数据
//并且从
//int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
//int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
//if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
//            newCapacity = minCapacity;
//看出,ArrayList默认每次都是自增50%的大小再和minCapacity比较,如果还是不够,就把当的
//size扩充至minCapacity
//然后,如果是队尾插入,也简单,就把数组向后移动一位,然后赋值
//如果是在中间插入,需要用到System.arraycopy,把index开始所有数据向后移动一位
//再进行插入
/**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

     private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
            if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
                minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
            }

            ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
        }

        private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
            modCount++;

            // overflow-conscious code
            if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
                grow(minCapacity);
        }

     private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

然后是remove操作

//个人感觉整个remove操作的代码写了很冗余,不像甲骨文这些大神的风格
//首先来看remove(int index)
//先进行边界确认,传入的index是否超过了当前数组的大小,如果是抛出异常
//如果在数组范围内,就把index之后的数据整体向前移动一位,最后一位值清空
//如果是remove(Object o),传入的是一个对象,就会进行一次indexOf的操作,去当前数组中寻找
//判断是否存在,这里的代码就十分冗余了,就是把indexOf的代码拷贝了一次,完全可以调用indexOf方法
//根据返回值是否为-1来判断该值是否存在,如果存在就调用fastRemove方法
//fastRemove(int index)和remove(int index)方法除了边界检查一模一样
//完全可以在remove调用完rangeCheck(index)后调用fastRemove就可以了
//这里不是很明白设计者的意图
/**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).
     *
     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
     * @return the element that was removed from the list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work

        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
     * if it is present.  If the list does not contain the element, it is
     * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
     * <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).  Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
     * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
     * changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
     * return the value removed.
     */
    private void fastRemove(int index) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
    }

indexof

//这里就和上面remove寻找是一模一样的,就不进行探讨了
public int indexOf(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (elementData[i]==null)
                    return i;
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
                    return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

3.Vector

Vector就是ArrayList的线程安全版,它的方法前都加了synchronized锁,其他实现逻辑都相同。
如果对线程安全要求不高的话,可以选择ArrayList,毕竟synchronized也很耗性能

4.LinkedList

故名思意就是链表,和我们大学在数据结构里学的链表是一会事,LinkedList还是一个双向链表。

LinkedList继承于AbstractSequentialList,和ArrayList一个套路。内部维护了3个成员变量,一个是当前链表的头节点,一个是尾部节点,还有是链表长度。然后我们在来看下Node这个数据结构。

和C语言实现方式差不多,由于是双向链表,所以记录了next和prev,只不过把C语言里的指针换成了对象。

然后我们简单的在来看下链表额度查询,插入和删除操作

首先是add(E e)操作

    //学过数据结构的同学看这部分代码特别轻松
    //首先来看下void linkLast(E e),尾部插入
    //就是把newNode的前面节点执行现在的尾部节点,newNode的后面节点执行null,因为是在尾部嘛
    //然后把现在的尾部节点的后面节点指向newNode,因为现在的尾部节点不是最后一个了

    //然后再来看下中间插入
    //也是一个套路。假设现在在3号位插入一个newNode
    //就是通过现在的3号Node的prev找到2号节点,然后修改2号节点的next,指向nowNode
    //然后nowNode的prev指向2号节点,next指向3号节点
    //最后3号节点的prev变成了nowNode,next不变
    //这样就完成了一次中间插入  

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
     * subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        checkPositionIndex(index);

        if (index == size)
            linkLast(element);
        else
            linkBefore(element, node(index));
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        linkLast(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Links e as last element.
     */
    void linkLast(E e) {
        final Node<E> l = last;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
        last = newNode;
        if (l == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            l.next = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
     */
    void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
        // assert succ != null;
        final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
        succ.prev = newNode;
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

然后是void linkLast(E e)操作

//indexOf操作非常简单,就是从头开始遍历整个链表,如果没有就反-1,有就返回当前下标
/**
     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
     * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
     * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
     * or -1 if there is no such index.
     *
     * @param o element to search for
     * @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
     *         this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
     */
    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        int index = 0;
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (x.item == null)
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (o.equals(x.item))
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

虽然indexOf非常简单,但是我在这还是写了个例子,帮助大家理解下

List list = new ArrayList();
        list.add("zero");
        list.add(null);
        list.add("two");
        list.add(null);
        list.add("three");

        Log.i("test", "index : " + list.indexOf(null));

在不看答案的情况下 大家能准确的说出答案吗?

Answer:I/test: index : 1

从这个例子可以看出三点List的特征
1.是按顺序查找
2.允许存储项为空
3.允许多个存储项的值相等

最后看下remove操作

    //如果直接调无参的remove(),就会默认删除头节点
    //删除头节点非常简单,就是把头节点的值清空,next清空
    //然后把nextNode只为头节点,然后清空next的prev
    //最后size减1
    //如果是删除中间节点,调用remove(int index)
    //首先判断Index对应的节点是否为头节点,即index是否为0
    //如果不是中间节点,就是x的prev指向x的next
    public E remove() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    public E remove(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return unlink(node(index));
    }

     public E removeFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        if (f == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return unlinkFirst(f);
    }

    private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) {
        // assert l == last && l != null;
        final E element = l.item;
        final Node<E> prev = l.prev;
        l.item = null;
        l.prev = null; // help GC
        last = prev;
        if (prev == null)
            first = null;
        else
            prev.next = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null node x.
     */
    E unlink(Node<E> x) {
        // assert x != null;
        final E element = x.item;
        final Node<E> next = x.next;
        final Node<E> prev = x.prev;

        if (prev == null) {
            first = next;
        } else {
            prev.next = next;
            x.prev = null;
        }

        if (next == null) {
            last = prev;
        } else {
            next.prev = prev;
            x.next = null;
        }

        x.item = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null first node f.
     */
    private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
        // assert f == first && f != null;
        final E element = f.item;
        final Node<E> next = f.next;
        f.item = null;
        f.next = null; // help GC
        first = next;
        if (next == null)
            last = null;
        else
            next.prev = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

总结


通过上面对ArrayList和LinkedList的分析,可以理解List的3个特性
1.是按顺序查找
2.允许存储项为空
3.允许多个存储项的值相等
可以知其然知其所以然

然后对比LinkedList和ArrayList的实现方式不同,可以在不同的场景下使用不同的List
ArrayList是由数组实现的,方便查找,返回数组下标对应的值即可,适用于多查找的场景
LinkedList由链表实现,插入和删除方便,适用于多次数据替换的场景

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